The Ruff degradation: a review of previously proposed mechanisms with evidence that the reaction proceeds by a Hofer–Moest-type reaction Review Article

The Ruff degradation reaction is critically reviewed. Based on available information, the Hofer–Moest decarboxylation mechanism is presented as the mechanism for it. Cu(III) is proposed as the active species of the copper variant of the Ruff degradation, which is the most efficient form of the reaction.