The life-cycle environmental impact of key detergent builder systems in the EU

The debate over the environmental impact of detergent builders has historically focused on the disposal of phosphates to wastewater and the potential consequences for surface waters. This study uses the technique of life-cycle analysis to review the overall environmental impact of the use of key detergent builders in the European Union (EU). By comparing their impacts in a relative context, the environmental impact of the major builder systems is concluded to be small, negative, and none can be considered to have a relative advantage or disadvantage. The most effective policy initiatives for environmental improvements are independent of detergent builder and should focus on use minimisation, the use of more efficient washing machines and effective implementation of the Urban Wastewater Directive.