Small spacecraft missions-the US scene

The traditional way of operating batch processes has been to utilize an open-loop "golden recipe". However, there can be substantial batch to batch variation in process conditions and this open-loop strategy can lead to non-optimal operation. In this paper, a new approach is presented for end-point optimization of batch processes by utilizing neural networks. This strategy involves the training of two neural networks; one to predict switching times and the other to predict the input profile in the singular region. This approach alleviates the computational problems assocaiated with the classical Pontryaginʹs approach and the nonlinear programming approach. The efficacy of this scheme is illustrated via simulation of a fed-batch fermentation. © 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.