The effects of a supervised multimodal exercise program on anterior and lateral abdominal muscles size and functional ability in older adults: A randomized controlled trial

This study involved a single-blinded parallel group randomized controlled trial. Sixty-four older adults (mean (SD) age: 69.8 (7.5) years; 59.4% female) were randomized to receive a 12-week supervised multimodal exercise program comprising walking and balance exercises with or without trunk strengthening/motor control exercises. Lateral abdominal muscles thickness and Rectus abdominis cross-sectional area (CSA), were assessed using ultrasound imaging. Functional and balance outcomes were assessed using 30-second Chair Stand Test, Sitting and Rising Test, Berg Balance Scale, and Multi-Directional Reach Test. Consistent with the intention-to-treat principle, all data was analyzed using a linear mixed model.