Design of a green closed-loop location-routing supply chain with spare parts

This paper presents a new bi-objective mathematical model for a green closed-loop location-routing problem that aims to minimize (i) the total establishing costs of facilities and transportations costs (ii) the environmental impacts of greenhouse gas emissions and fuel consumption simultaneously. This model considers strategic, tactical and operational decisions holistically. Furthermore, a game-based method is utilized to deal with the multiple conflicting objectives of the presented model. Finally, a comprehensive analysis is carried out to demonstrate the effectiveness of the model.