Biosensors: a tutorial review

This paper discusses various biosensors in detail, where the biosensor consists of bioelement and a sensor element. The bioelement may be an enzyme, antibody, living cells etc., and the sensing element may be electric current, electric potential, and so on. This survey initially introduces the basic concept of the biosensors. High-level overviews of different types of biosensors are given and the working principles, constructions, advantages and applications of many biosensors are also presented. In addition to these MEMS have given rise to a whole new class of biosensors which involve the transduction of mechanical energy and are based on mechanical phenomena.