Full-wave solutions for the scattered radiation fields from rough surfaces with arbitrary slope and frequency

Full-wave solutions are derived for the scattered radiation fields from rough surfaces with arbitrary slope and electromagnetic parameters. These solutions bridge the wide gap that exists between the perturbational solutions for rough surfaces with small slopes and the quasi-optics solutions. Thus it is shown, for example, that for good conducting boundaries the backscattered fields, which are dependent on the polarization of the incident and scattered fields at low frequencies, become independent of polarization at optical frequencies. These solutions are consistent with reciprocity, energy conservation, and duality relations in electromagnetic theory. Since the full-wave solutions account for upward and downward scattering, shadowing and multiple scatter are considered. Applications to periodic structures and random rough surfaces are also presented.