Seismic Considerations for High-Voltage Substation Facilities

In the last years, high-voltage substations in several countries have suffered great damage owing to earthquakes. The typical earthquake damage is analized, and means are discussed for improving the seismic behavior of flexible high-voltage apparatus which has shown to be particularly vulnerable to earthquakes. A withstand specification is derived as a guide for determining whether a high- voltage equipment is or is not likely to be damaged during an earthquake.