Power System Reliability Assessment With Electric Vehicle Integration Using Battery Exchange Mode

The demand for reducing fossil fuel consumption and carbon emissions has stimulated the development and deployment of electric vehicles (EVs). The reliability of power systems will be significantly influenced by the increasing penetration of EVs. Currently, there are mainly two potential modes for EVs charging: 1) plug-in mode and 2) battery exchange (BE) mode. There have been many papers studying the impact of EVs using plug-in mode. However, research on BE mode is still only limited. This paper aims at estimating the reliability impact caused by EVs using BE mode. First, the behavior of EV users under BE mode are extracted from two reliable databases. The behavior extraction method is developed specifically for BE mode, which is modified based on a method originally designed for plug-in mode. Afterwards, power system reliability is studied from the viewpoint of both the power system and the EV users by introducing a new reliability index named User Demand Not Satisfied (UDNS). The algorithm for reliability assessment is developed based on an algorithm designed for energy storage system (ESS) integration. The numerical results demonstrate the integration of EVs using BE mode can greatly benefit the reliability performances of power systems.