Two efficient configurations of grounding electrodes for electric distribution systems

Multiple inclined rods give better performance at locations where the space for installing the grounding electrodes is limited. Formulas to determine the ground resistance and impulse ground impedance of the inclined rods have been developed and are presented in this paper. For grounding at wood pole lines vertical conductors run along the length of the pole that is in the soil prove to be a better grounding arrangement compared to the commonly used butt wire wrap. A formula to calculate the ground resistance of such an arrangement is also given in this paper