Efficient models for base station antennas for human exposure assessment

Two simple and accurate models for base-station (BS) panel antennas are proposed for human-exposure assessment. Panel antennas comprise an antenna array with low coupling between its unit cells. The proposed model is based on the superposition of shifted radiating field contributions in amplitude and phase of a unit cell of the panel antenna. In the first model, the electric field is obtained via a full wave analysis of the antenna unit cell. In the second model, a far-field approximation of the unit cell is utilized, and is valid at about two wavelengths away from the antenna. It is shown that the second model can be used as an interactive tool for the verification of compliance to exposure limits of BS panel antennas as required by standards.