Modeling arthroscopic camera with haptic devices in image-based virtual environments

Minimally invasive arthroscopic surgery has become the gold standard for orthopaedic surgery procedures on joints. It is done by making small incisions on the skin through which special miniature pencil-like cameras and tools are inserted. However, it demands from surgeons to acquire very different motor-skills while observing the surgical field on a video monitor. Simulation of the arthroscopic procedures in virtual environments is based on the specifics of the arthroscopic camera which is normally not a common forward-looking but a wide-angle oblique-viewing camera. In this paper we write about modeling views seen through the virtual arthroscopic camera controlled by a desktop haptic device in hybrid image-based virtual environment.