Terminal Invariant Parameter Determinations from Complex Signal Ratio Measurements

Engen of the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) has pointed out significant advantages in calibrating power sensors and attenuators in terms of efficiencies rather than scattering parameters. For example, efficiency measurements require the use of repeatable low-loss connectors, but do not demand carefully specified impedances. This offers hope of more accurate calibration of "field-type" components fitted with nonprecision connectors. Existing efficiency measuring procedures usually require tuned measuring networks to realize necessary conditions. This paper presents procedures that utilize complex signal ratio data (obtained, for example, from a network analyzer) taken from untuned microwave networks. Such procedures offer advantages in speed and convenience.