A Fault Program with Macros, Monitors, and Direct Compensation in Mutual Groups

A modern formulation of the short-circuit problem leads to a concise algorithm for the solution of the most general short- circuit problem conceivable, where simultaneous shunt faults combined with outages, unbalanced lines, loads, and series faults can be solved with the same ease as simple three-phase faults. High computational efficiency is attained through the use of compensation and sparse forward-sparse back solutions. A production implementation is described that uses macros, monitors, and set manipulation ideas for maximum flexibility. Outages, including outages in large mutually coupled groups, are handled efficiently without the need for iteration by recognizing that network changes can be expressed in a simple product form.