Simulation of the Steady-State Behavior of Crystal-Controlled Oscillators Using the WATAND Computer-Aided Design Program

The WATAND computer-aided design package has been used to successfully simulate the steady-state response of crystal-controlled oscillators. The WATAND program contains a routine that allows the steady-state response of a nonlinear dynamic circuit with slow transients to be found without the lengthy and uneconomical process of integrating in the time from t = 0. Oscillators simulated were the following: an LC oscillator with discrete components; and three crystal-controlled oscillators, one with silicon integrated circuits and two with discrete components, one having an external tank. To simulate some of these oscillator circuits, some of the algorithms in WATAND had to be modified. Suggestions for further improvements in oscillator simulation are also made.