Johnson–Nyquist Noise of the Quantized Hall Resistance

This paper reports on the thermal Johnson-Nyquist noise of the quantum Hall and longitudinal resistances, which were measured both without an applied current and with an externally applied alternating or direct current. The results verify expected behavior and give interesting insights into the quantum Hall effect. They also demonstrate that ac measuring techniques commonly used in impedance metrology can take noise as a signal, reliably measuring tiny effects with a resolution of 10 pV.