Delay constrained maximum lifetime multicast based on particle swarm optimization in wireless ad hoc networks with directional antennas

For the delay constrained maximum lifetime multicast problem in the wireless ad hoc networks with directional antennas, a particle swarm optimization algorithm for constructing a delay constrained maximum lifetime multicast tree is proposed. By coding the particle position as the set of the parents of all nodes except the source node, the particle position directly represents a multicast tree. In order to improve the solving efficiency, the invalid particle positions are repaired and some particle positions are locally optimized. The local optimization tries to improve the lifetime of the multicast trees which satisfy the delay constraint, and tries to reduce the delay of the multicast trees which do not satisfy the delay constraint. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can effectively optimize the construction of the delay constrained maximum lifetime multicast trees.