Multistate radiometry: noise de-embedding and “un-terminating”

A noisy one-port device embedded in a noisy two-port, representing a device under test (DUT) and an rf total power radiometer is investigated from the metrology point-of-view. The output noise power, analyzed at different states of either the termination or the two-port, leads to defining relevant issues of noise “un-terminating” and de-embedding. In consequence, they both form the foundation of a novel noise approach, the multistate radiometry, applicable to simultaneous measurement of the reflection coefficient and the noise temperature of one-port devices. The method features the sole use of noise excitation and techniques of system calibration and accuracy enhancement, and thus is expected to pioneer novel means for automated noise and network analysis of these devices. Some design criteria for building an appropriate instrument, the multistate radiometer, are considered too. Because only noise power detection is employed, the six-port theory can be applied to the analysis of the system