Interconnected systems energy accounting

A SIMPLE METHOD of accounting for energy transfers between systems that is being practiced by five electrical utility systems of separate ownership whose transmission lines are connected to form a loop network can be applied by any group of three or more interconnected systems. The method is applicable and advantageous particularly where natural energy flow is permitted through a network and no effort is made to control flows through any interconnection by the use of series capacitors or phase-shifting equipment. It is based upon a comparison of scheduled with actual deliveries and receipts of energy by each system through all of its interconnections with the other systems of the group. Also, it assumes that each system employs an effective means of controlling the net amount of energy delivered or received at all of its interconnections to conform with the predetermined schedules.