A determination of the best macromodel circuits for a phase-locked loop

Macromodel circuits designed to model the components of a phase-locked loop and intended for use with circuit simulator programs are compared and evaluated to determine those most suitable for modeling the loop time-domain performance. Macromodels considered included those for the voltage-controlled oscillator, the phase detector, the frequency divider, and the loop filter. The macromodel characteristics used for evaluation included accuracy, complexity, and computational efficiency. The emphasis was placed on modeling phase-locked loop components fabricated with current integrated circuit technology