Transformer modeling for low-frequency simulations

This presentation is on models and model parameters for representation of transformers in electromagnetic transient simulations for phenomena having frequencies far below the lowest internal winding resonance frequency. In this frequency range, which extends up to a few kHz, the transformer characteristics of relevance are winding resistances, leakage impedances, and excitation characteristics. Included in excitation characteristics are saturation characteristics and core losses. In some cases, winding and bushing capacitances can also be important in this frequency range. The relationships between transformer physical design and model parameters are discussed. Various modeling approaches are compared