Effect of Solar Spectrum on the Performance of Various Thin-Film PV Module Technologies in Tropical Singapore

The spectral influence on the performance of four different thin-film photovoltaic (PV) modules (single-junction amorphous Si, CdTe, CIGS, and double-junction “micromorph” Si) is studied. Two methods are used to quantify the effective irradiance intensity for the investigated four modules. The first is based on spectral mismatch factors calculated from the measured outdoor spectrum and the spectral responses of the PV modules. The second is based on the measured short-circuit currents of the modules. The effective irradiance ratio (EIR) of a PV module technology, for a given time period, is defined as the ratio between the cumulative effective irradiance intensity received by the module and the cumulative irradiance intensity measured by a c-Si reference cell. We find that the average photon energy of the spectrum in Singapore is higher than that of the AM1.5G reference spectrum, indicating that the spectrum is “blue-rich.” Compared with the AM1.5G spectrum, this blue-rich spectral irradiance results in an annual EIR of 1.07 and 1.03 for the single-junction a-Si module and the CdTe module, respectively. An EIR larger than 1 indicates energetic irradiance gain. CIGS is not significantly affected by the blue-rich spectrum, while micromorph Si shows an annual EIR of less than 1.