Long distance source localization in waveguides with complicated structure

With the purpose of source localization in high voltage direct current submarine power cables general layered waveguide models are investigated. It is concludes that the non-discrete modes can usually be ignored in comparison with the least attenuated discrete mode. Only a finite number of discrete modes are of importance for a band limited signal. Accurate analytical expressions are derived in the time domain for both discrete and non-discrete electromagnetic waveguide modes for large distances together with an error analysis.