Notice of RetractionEffects of dissolved organic matter on bioavailability of bisphenol A to Chlorella pyrenoidosa

Notice of Retraction

After careful and considered review of the content of this paper by a duly constituted expert committee, this paper has been found to be in violation of IEEE´s Publication Principles.

We hereby retract the content of this paper. Reasonable effort should be made to remove all past references to this paper.

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The effects of bisphenol A (BPA) on Chlorella pyrenoidosa growth and photosynthesis activity was investigated in the absence and presence of dissolved organic matter (DOM). The growth and photosynthesis parameters of Chlorella pyrenoidosa were measured by the phytoplankton pulse-amplitude-modulated fluorimetry (Phyto-PAM). Rapid light curve measurements allowed for the assessment of the maximal electron transport rate (ETR_max) and initial slope alpha (a value). The addition of DOM, a kind of commercial humic acid (HA) resulted in a significant increase of Chlorophyll a (Chl-a) contents after 6 days of incubation, accounting for algal biomass of Chlorella pyrenoidosa being promoted. Chl-a contents, ETR_max and α values were declined remarkably in BPA treatments, indicating BPA has acute toxicity on the growth and photosynthesis efficiency of Chlorella pyrenoidosa. The joint effects of HA and BPA could enhance this acute toxicity. The reverse-phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis revealed that the freely dissolved concentrations of BPA in HA-BPA treatments were lower than those in BPA treatments, which indicated that HA can influence the bioavailability of BPA to Chlorella pyrenoidosa. These data suggest that the presence of DOM plays an important role in the bioavailability of BPA in aquatic environment.