Hierarchical dynamic source routing: passive forwarding node selection for wireless ad hoc networks

In this paper, hierarchical dynamic source routing (HDSR) protocol is introduced. HDSR is derived from dynamic source routing (DSR) protocol. In HDSR, there are two states that a mobile node can be: mobile node (MN) and forwarding node (FN). Network nodes make distributed decisions on whether to forward or not to forward traffic for others. FN routes the packets and MN hosts the applications. FN selections are made using local information and nodes solely rely on "on demand" routing discovery and maintenance traffic to determine whether to act as MN or FN. Such provisions, significantly reduce number of control messages (route request and route reply) in compare to DSR. HDSR is implemented by a network simulator (network simulator-2 of University of California). It was shown via computer simulations that HDSR improves average network throughput and packet delivery ratio compared to regular DSR and provides energy efficiency.