Estimation of group path in oblique ionospheric propagation

The ionospheric group path and other parameters are discussed in this paper. Relation between the group path and the receiver location has been illustrated. For oblique propagation, neglecting the geomagnetic field and electron collisions, the estimation model of the virtual height and the initial elevation angle are presented. The virtual height and the initial elevation angle are estimated from the group path. The group path estimated using the analytic model is in agreement with the measured results. It is observed that the ionospheric channel has equity to the transmitter and the receiver from the experiment results. The phenomenon is maybe significant for the HF communications.