Cognitive models of the brain

The human brain is the most complicated organ in the universe and a new frontier yet to be explored in an interdisciplinary approach. Investigation of the brain is a unique problem that requires recursive mental power to explore the brain using the brain. This paper attempts to develop functional and cognitive models of the brain by using cognitive informatics and formal methodologies. This paper adopts a memory-based approach to explore the brain, and to demonstrate that memory is the foundation for any natural intelligence. Structures of memories are explored and cognitive models of the natural intelligence are proposed. Cognitive mechanisms of the brain, including hypotheses and theories on the thinking engine of the brain, long-term memory establishment, and roles of sleep in long-term memory development, are investigated. The models and theories are applied to explain a number of fundamental physiological and psychological phenomena.