Step-by-Step Simulation of Transformer Winding Faults for Electromagnetic Transient Programs

In this paper, a step-by-step method to model power transformer winding faults is presented. This method is directly applicable to electromagnetic transient programs considering single and three phase N-winding transformers. Simulation of turn-to-earth and turn-to-turn faults covering the entire range of the winding is outlined. A step-by-step derivation of the model is presented starting from the available positive and zero sequence test data considering short-circuit and excitation standard tests. Practical transformer example is given to illustrate the efficacy and simplicity of the model realization