Generation of transconductance grounded capacitor filters by signal-flow graph simulation of LC-ladders

The methods are presented for generating active simulations of LC-ladders, based on signal-flow graphs. Both methods use only tunable transconductance elements and grounded capacitors. Furthermore, all transconductances except possibly one are identical and all capacitors are grounded, making the approach extremely convenient for integration with automated systematic design procedures and dense layout. SPICE simulations of the circuits with actual CMOS transconductance have been used to verify the performance