Measurement campaign to determine and validate outdoor to indoor penetration models for GSM signals in various environments

The paper describes a measurement campaign of GSM signals outdoor - indoor penetration loss in various environments. The measurements were performed using a standard GSM handset as a receiver. The campaign took place at several different locations and included rural, suburban, urban and dense urban environments. Various measurements were made at each point and at a variety of points within each building. The measurements were compared to planning tool predictions which uses free space and multiple diffraction models for the outdoor portion of the path, and to different penetration models, such as building penetration loss and COST-231 models. The later were shown to provide quite good predictions.