On the integration of optimal energy management and thermal management of hybrid electric vehicles

This paper proposes a supervisory control for hybrid electrical vehicle (HEV). It is based on Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy (ECMS) extended with a new state reflecting the thermal state of the engine. A new consumption law taking into account the losses due to low engine temperature is therefore included in the optimal control problem. The strategy is tested offline on a regulatory driving cycle, the results show an improvement on the consumption which confirm the relevance of the approach.