A volume conduction antenna for implantable devices

We have developed a new volume conduction based antenna, called the x-antenna, that can be embedded in, or connected to, various implantable medical devices. This miniature antenna and an associated transceiver establish a wireless two-way data communication link between a wearable computer and implanted sensors/actuators to perform a variety of therapeutic and diagnostic functions within the human body. Our experiments have shown that the x-antenna requires less than one microwatt of energy to perform data communication tasks, more energy-efficient than any other known data communication modality.