Deflection response of electro-thermal actuators to voltage and power

Published literature describes the deflection response of electro-thermal actuators to be linearly proportional to the input power. However, our simulation and empirical results show that the deflection response of our actuators was linearly proportional to the input voltage over a wide range of input voltages. The theoretical work outlined in this document shows how, depending on the temperature coefficient of electrical resistivity and the temperature coefficient of thermal resistivity, both behaviours are possible