Efficient HF submarine antennas

For submarine applications, it is desirable to have broadband, efficient, extremely short HF antennas that can cover the whole band without the use of a complex internal/external tuning circuitry. A short monopole antenna is currently used except that it has the following disadvantages: it is not efficient and uses complex external tuning circuitry. During a previous program funded by the NAVY, an electrically efficient small packaged submarine antenna that operates at the HF band was developed using existing subminiature aperture technology. In this paper, we detail the HF submarine antenna technology and performance results focusing on existing efficient submarine HF communications antennas.