Real time power system simulation for training purposes

The use of simulator training for operators of generation/transmission/distribution grids has increased dramatically. The development of operator training simulators, however, depended on the availability of economical computational hardware. In addition, models and algorithms to simulate large power systems in real time required significant innovation. Although better models and algorithms continue to be developed, the emphasis on research today is not on still higher fidelity but on features that enhance training. A review is presented of the state of the art of operator training simulators for terrestrial power systems