Motors/generators for traction /propulsion applications: A review

There has been growing interest in electrification. This led to growing interest in hybrid/electrical traction applications. Many hybrid/electrical vehicles have been commercially introduced. Various technologies for the traction motors/generators have been developed. The requirements for motors/generators for hybrid/electrical traction applications are very demanding in terms of power density, efficiency, and cost. This paper will provide a comprehensive review of the state of the art highlighting the key global trends and tradeoff of various technologies. The paper will also discuss future trends and potential areas of research. The paper will cover light-duty vehicles (with more focus), medium- and heavy- duty vehicles, off highway vehicles, locomotives, and ship propulsion. The goal of the paper is to serve as a comprehensive reference for engineers working in the traction/propulsion area.