Multi-Level Arc Fault Circuit Interrupter with Collaborative Communications for Smart Grid

An arc fault circuit interrupter (AFCI) is a device that provides protection from the effects of arc faults by de-energizing a circuit within a specified time after an arc fault is detected. In the United States, AFCI installation in bedroom receptacle outlets has been mandated since 2002. As AFCIs have been widely adapted to real situations, several kinds of AFCIs have been developed including branch/feeder, cord, outlet box, and portable designs. Using various types of AFCIs creates a hierarchy consisting of multi-level AFCIs such as a portable AFCI serially connected to an outlet box AFCI. This multi-level AFCI structure causes a serious problem by enabling an upper level AFCI to detect an arc fault occurring in the surveillance area of lower level AFCIs. This problem results in de-energizing the whole area covered by the upper level AFCI. In this paper, we propose a solution to the multi-level AFCI problem that occurs when several types of AFCIs are used in the same hierarchy. To provide a practical solution, we first present the theoretical background of a multi-level AFCI and suggest a solution that integrates collaborative communication and computing power into a conventional AFCI device. Finally, we introduce a prototype implementation of our approach. Our proposed approach can protect people and facilities against electrical fire hazards, which is one of major challenges that the smart grid aims to overcome using information technology.