Challenges in bio-electromagnetic modeling

This paper accompanies a tutorial on challenges in bio-electromagnetic modeling. This is a broad multidisciplinary field which, of course, cannot be covered extensively within few pages. Yet, some of the central points can be highlighted nevertheless within a few examples from bio-medical engineering as there are: the typical multiscale character, the lack of good data on electromagnetic properties especially in the low-frequency range typical for electrically stimulating implants, e.g., or the need to include microscopic electro-chemical processes into hybrid numerical models.