Embedding watermarks in compressed video using fuzzy C-means clustering

Although digitalization and the Internet are very convenient and useful for personal users and industry, they suffer from shortcomings of security. For instance, private content is difficult to protect and fake versions of multimedia data can be produced. Digital watermarking offers some effective solutions. This work presents a video watermarking scheme that uses motion vectors to define the place where the watermarks are embedded, and the number of watermark bits vary dynamically among frames. Fuzzy C-means (FCM) clustering method is utilized to select the motion vectors and the positions of the watermarks. The advantages of this work are twofold. A novel watermarking strategy is presented that does not require manual selection of watermark bits location. The number of embedded motion vector clusters differs depending on the motion characteristics in each frame. This significant property possesses higher security. As can be concluded from the experimental results, the watermarked video retains satisfactory quality with very small degradation.