PSO optimized PID parameters for coupled HVDC control

High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) systems are used in power systems for the efficient transfer of energy over long distances and can improve the stability and performance of electrical networks. Using the internal node representation, the dynamics of a system with HVDC links can be represented in terms of the internal currents of the generators of the system and this representation can be used to control the system frequency. Here the control of a multiple HVDC link system, modelled using this representation, is improved using Particle Swarm Optimization, PSO.