Critical issues for disposal, recycling, and clearance of fusion radioactive materials: The European viewpoint

In order to maximize the environmental benefits of fusion power generation, it is important to clearly define the parameters governing the back-end of the materials cycle. A fusion-specific approach is necessary. Recycling of materials and clearance (i.e. declassification to non-radioactive material) are the two recommended options for reducing the amount of fusion waste, while the disposal as low-level waste could be an alternative route for specific materials and components. Most fusion materials could potentially be recycled or cleared, providing the necessary studies and developments are carried out. To enhance prospects for a successful waste management scheme, we identified the key issues and challenges for disposal, recycling, and clearance, focusing on the EU studies.