High-penetration, grid-connected photovoltaic technology codes and standards

This paper reports the interim status in identifying and reviewing photovoltaic (PV) codes and standards (C&S) and related electrical activities for grid-connected, high-penetration PV systems with a focus on U.S. electric utility distribution grid interconnection. That includes identifying topics and concerns not yet in the scope of existing C&S documents, identifying C&S-related ongoing work and approaches, and providing recommendations related to C&S needs. This paper also addresses certain technical concerns, e.g., monitoring, information exchange, and control pertaining to business models, tariffs, and economics governed by policy and regulatory mandates. However, the policy, regulatory, and business concerns are not this paper´s direct focus. Rather, the primary focus is on systems engineering-based C&S technical concerns for high-penetration PV systems in U.S. utility distribution grids.