Estimation of transmission loss coefficients from measurements

The French system´s losses rise nearly up to 12 TWh per year, attributed to the Joule effect. Therefore, the purchase of losses is of high importance from both a technical and an economic point of view, as they are valued up to several hundreds MEuros per year. The problem addressed in this paper is the calculation of transmission loss coefficients when the only information available are active injections measurements and active balance sheets.