Electric City Bus Energy Flow Model and Its Validation by Dynamometer Test

Battery electric city bus model has been created and the simulation results compared against the measured results from the full scale city bus developed for heavy vehicle research. The model utilizes multi- physics modelling approach with multiple-domains from friction-tyre and transmission model to electrical drive and a simplified battery model. The modelled and measured motor torque, current and voltages in the battery and inverter and the bus speed were compared under a driving cycle based on a local bus line. The simulated results were in good agreement with the experimental measured results; the error between the simulated and measured energy consumption was 1.4 %. The measured average energy consumption was 0.581 kWh/km while the simulation estimated 0.589 kWh/km.