Transforms for continuous time system modeling

In the modeling of continuous time systems, there is a need to convert the analog system to a discrete time system. The transform frequently encountered in the literature is the impulse invariant transform. This transform has proven to be inadequate for biological system modeling. In this paper, we review the available linear transforms and derive three new transforms, namely the centered step invariant transform, the local cubic spline invariant transform, and the scaled impulse invariant transform.