Grid integration of distributed energy resources: Technologies, potentials contributions and future prospects

In the last years, technological innovations and changing economic and regulatory environments have resulted in a great interest for Distributed Generation (DG). DG concept covers local power generation at distribution level by using renewable or non-conventional generators. Distributed Energy Resources (DER) range from CHP (combined heat and power) systems based on Stirling engines, fuel cells and microturbines, to renewables like solar photovoltaic (PV) systems, wind energy conversion systems (WECS) and small scale hydroelectric generation. The use of biofuels and application of various storage technologies are also considered part of DG. In this paper, the state of the art of DG technologies and strategies - focusing on solar PV, wind and fuel cells - are analysed, benefits and drawbacks are discussed, future R&D prospects are presented.