Demand Response program for electric vehicle service with physical aggregators

Demand Response (DR) applied to electric vehicles (EVs) raises both challenges and opportunities for the implementation and trading of unidirectional Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G). Most literature suggests to directly apply the DR strategies required to manage the EV service, but there still is a need to clearly identify the aggregator and its position in DR and V2G trading. This paper presents a systemization of the EV aggregator (EVA) as the actual mediator between DSO and EV customer (EVC) within the DR process. New definitions allow building up a novel approach for the design of EV service processes and possible related DR programs. Simulations on a well-characterized case study illustrate the potential of the modeling and the effectiveness of the methodological approach.