Modeling of regulating power market based on AC optimal power flow considering losses and electric vehicles

This paper proposes a model for the regulating power market incorporating electric vehicles (EV) participation that considers the locational aspects of the market participants in the regulating power activation process. The effect of regulating power to the total system power loss and network congestion are accounted for. In the proposed market model, the submitted marginal regulating power prices are appropriately re-valued to reflect their location in the power system. The price revaluation is based on an ac optimal power flow (OPF) framework where the actual power flows and power loss can be evaluated. The participation of EVs in providing regulating power in the market is additionally modeled. A case study is carried out based on the proposed market model using the Nordic 32-bus test system. Results from the proposed market model indicate that regulating power from EVs could benefit the system by reducing the total cost of balancing. Furthermore, the inclusion of locational aspects may aid in the selection of regulating power from EVs that most likely would be electrically close to the existing load buses.