Optimized range-free 3D node localization in wireless sensor networks using firefly algorithm

In this paper, range-free 3D node localization (in anisotropic environment) method using the application of bio-inspired algorithm, i.e., Firefly Algorithm (FA) is proposed. Nodes are deployed over the three layer boundaries in which the upper layer contains the anchor nodes (known position) that are randomly distributed and the middle layer and the bottom layer contain the randomly distributed target nodes. Optimized edge weights between the anchor nodes and the target node are used to find the location of the target node. Fuzzy Logic System (FLS) is used to overcome the problem of nonlinearity between the Received Signal Strength (RSS) and distance. The results of proposed algorithm are compared with some earlier proposed range-free methods in terms of the error.