Shielding of modern substations against direct lightning strokes

Lightning protection studies of transmission lines have revealed the limitations of conventional shielding practice for both high-voltage lines and stations. A new technique for station shielding design was developed replacing the former approach of relying on an ill-defined relationship between shielding angle and station exposure. This new technique is particularly suited to assessment of overhead shielding systems for large stations with high reliability requirements; it also permits evaluation of the effectiveness of shielding structures meeting aesthetic considersations.